Denmark has high rates of corporate and personal income tax and has never been considered a financial centre. However changes to its holding company law in 1999 provide outstanding opportunities for the international investor, and subsequent adjustments to the law have if anything increased its attractiveness.

For a country to be an attractive location in which to set up a holding company 4 criteria must be satisfied:

Incoming Dividends: Incoming dividends remitted by the subsidiary to the holding company must either be exempted from or subject to low withholding tax rates in the subsidiary's jurisdiction.

Dividend Income Received: Dividend income received by the holding company from the subsidiary must either be exempted from or subject to low corporate income tax rates in the holding company's jurisdiction.

Capital Gains Tax on Sale of Shares: Profits realized by the holding company on the sale of shares in the subsidiary must either be exempt from or subject to a low rate of capital gains tax in the holding company's jurisdiction.

Outgoing Dividends: Outgoing dividends paid by the holding company to the ultimate parent corporation must either be exempt from or subject to low withholding tax rates in the holding company's jurisdiction.

By these criteria Denmark is a fiscally attractive jurisdiction in which to locate a holding company:

Withholding Taxes on Incoming Dividends

As a member of the EU Denmark is governed by the provisions of the EU's Parent-Subsidiary directive, whose effect is that where a Danish holding company controls at least 25% of the shares of an EU subsidiary for a minimum period of 12 months any dividends remitted by the EU subsidiary to the Danish holding company are free of withholding taxes.

Where the provisions of this directive do not apply (or where anti-avoidance provisions are in place) Danish holding companies can rely on an extensive network of double taxation treaties the effect of which is to obtain a reduction in withholding tax rates on dividends remitted to Denmark from the subsidiary jurisdiction.

Denmark has more than 80 double taxation treaties in place. The greater a country's network of double taxation treaties the greater its leverage to reduce withholding taxes on incoming dividends. An elaborate network of double taxation treaties is thus a key factor in the ability of a territory to develop as an attractive holding company jurisdiction.

Most offshore jurisdictions of course do not impose withholding tax on dividends remitted internationally. It follows that almost all dividend income received in Denmark will be free of withholding tax.

Corporate Tax On Dividend Income Received

The Danish corporate income tax rate is 28%. However incoming dividends received by a Danish holding company from its foreign subsidiary are exempt from corporate income tax in Denmark provided the holding company satisfies the following criteria (NB: Bill L99 passed in 2001 introduced changes to the legislation which are incorporated below and had effect from 2002):

• 20% Shareholding: The Danish holding company must hold a minimum of 20% of the shares in the foreign subsidiary (the required minimum was 25% until 2001).The threshold for the eligible holding is due dropped from 20% to 15% as of January 2007, and is due to be reduced again to 10% as of January 2009.
  
• 12 Month Period: The eligible shareholding must have been held for a minimum continuous period of at least 12 months.
  
• Not a Controlled Foreign Corporation: The foreign subsidiary must not be a "CFC". A company is a CFC if it meets the following 2 criteria:

• 33% of Assets or Income: 33.3% or more its assets are "financial assets" or if it earns at least 33.3% of its income from "financial activities", including net bank interest (it was gross interest until 2001), dividends, royalties, lease premiums and any profits on the sale of financial assets being assets which give rise to these sorts of income. Related tax deductible expenses can be netted off against the other kinds of CFC income in calculating total CFC income.
  As from 2002 income from real estate is no longer included in the definition of financial income. An insurance company or a bank will almost always be a financial company, although CFC waivers can often be obtained for banking and insurance subsidiaries of Danish companies. And:
  
• Lower Level of Taxation: The foreign company's income has been subject to tax at less than 75% of the rate of tax as calculated under Danish law (this was administrative practice until 2001 but is now statutory).

For holding companies qualifying under the above rules, Denmark is alone among European countries in not taxing dividends received from offshore jurisdictions. Qualifying dividends received by a Danish holding company from an offshore subsidiary are not subject to corporate income tax irrespective of whether or not tax has been paid in the offshore location on the profits out of which the dividends have been paid.

Prior to 1999 the level of tax paid in the subsidiary jurisdiction was a relevant factor in determining whether Danish corporate income tax was to be levied on the dividends received by a Danish holding company from a foreign subsidiary.

In the seven other principal EU onshore holding company jurisdictions (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the UK) incoming dividends received by an intermediate holding company from a foreign subsidiary are exempt from corporate income tax in the intermediate holding company only if the foreign subsidiary has paid tax in the foreign jurisdiction on the profits out of which the dividends are paid.

Along with Denmark only Switzerland, Malaysia and Australia in the main exempt incoming dividend income from corporate income tax.

Capital Gains Tax on the Sale of Shares

Capital gains tax in Denmark ranges from 39%-59%, but is usually imposed at a rate of around 30%. However by way of exception capital gains taxes are not levied on any profits realized by a Danish holding company on the sale of its shares in a foreign subsidiary provided the following criteria are satisfied:

• Shares held for 3 Years: The shares sold must have been held for at least 3 years.
  
• Not a Controlled Foreign Corporation: The foreign subsidiary must not be a "CFC". A company is a CFC if it meets the following 2 criteria:
  
  • 33% of Assets or Income: 33.3% or more its assets are "financial assets" or if it earns at least 33.3% of its income from "financial activities", including net bank interest (it was gross interest until 2001), dividends, royalties, lease premiums and any profits on the sale of financial assets being assets which give rise to these sorts of income. Related tax deductible expenses can be netted off against the other kinds of CFC income in calculating total CFC income.
    As from 2002 income from real estate is no longer included in the definition of financial income. An insurance company or a bank will almost always be a financial company, although CFC waivers can often be obtained for banking and insurance subsidiaries of Danish companies. And:
  • Lower Level of Taxation: The foreign company's income has been subject to tax at less than 75% of the rate of tax as calculated under Danish law (this was administrative practice until 2001 but is now statutory).

International Comparison: Holding companies incorporated in France and the UK are taxed on any capital gains realized on the profitable sale of shares held in a foreign subsidiary. Holding companies incorporated in Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain & Switzerland are not taxed on the capital gains realized on the sale of shares in a foreign subsidiary (provided the appropriate criteria can be met).

Withholding Taxes on Outgoing Dividends

The standard rate of withholding taxes levied in Denmark on outgoing dividends is 28%. This rate can be reduced by both the provisions of a double taxation treaty and by the provisions of the EU Parent-Subsidiary Directive. Alternatively where the dividends are remitted by an intermediate Danish Holding Company to a foreign parent corporation no withholding taxes are deducted provided that there is a double tax treaty in force between the two countries, and:

• The foreign parent corporation holds a minimum of 20% of the shares in the intermediate Danish holding company. (N.B. If the shareholding is less than 20% then the double tax treaty rate will apply);

• The parent corporation is non-resident; and

• the shares must have been held by the parent corporation for a minimum continuous period of at least 12 months (if the shareholding is 20% but the shares have not been held for 12 months then a withholding tax rate of 28% will be levied on 66% of the dividend income making an effective rate of 18.3%).

International Comparison: Dividends paid out by a holding company incorporated in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany & Netherlands are subject to withholding taxes of 25% (at the time of writing) unless the provisions of a double taxation treaty apply, in which case the rate of withholding taxes is usually reduced to 5%-10% or unless the provisions of the EU Parent-Subsidiary directive apply in which case no withholding taxes are deducted.

In the case of Luxembourg, as things currently stand, double taxation treaties reduce the rate of withholding tax on outgoing dividends to 15% whereas in the case of the Spanish ETVE the rate is 0% provided the non resident parent corporation holds at least 25% of the Spanish holding company shares, is not located in a tax haven and the source of income did not originate in a tax haven (in default of which conditions the rate of withholding tax is 25%).

Provided certain conditions are met the UK, Greece and Ireland do not deduct withholding taxes on dividends remitted by intermediate holding companies to foreign parent corporations.

Denmark is a member of the EU and is a country with one of the highest number of double tax treaties (at the present time it has treaties in force with more than 70 countries). Denmark is universally known as a jurisdiction with a standard level of taxation (the rate of corporate tax in Denmark is 28%). Consequently, it can in no way be described as a "tax haven".
     At the same time, legislative amendments made in 1998 provide Danish holding companies (hereafter referred to as DHCs) with the facility to pay dividends received from abroad to their parent companies resident in a country having a tax treaty with Denmark, without liability for any Danish tax. Given that inbound dividends paid to Denmark from many countries benefit from the favourable terms negotiated in Denmark's double tax treaties, the Danish holding company is becoming an advantageous vehicle through which to establish companies resident in other countries.
     The incorporation of companies in Denmark is carried out at the Danish Commerce and Companies Agency - the DCCA.